diff --git a/hands/reddit/HAND.toml b/hands/reddit/HAND.toml
index b27a93c..167ecff 100644
--- a/hands/reddit/HAND.toml
+++ b/hands/reddit/HAND.toml
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ steps = [
   "Select 'script' as the app type",
   "Fill in name and redirect URI (http://localhost:8080)",
   "Copy the client ID (under the app name) and secret",
-  "Set REDDIT_CLIENT_ID, REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET, REDDIT_USERNAME, and REDDIT_PASSWORD as environment variables",
+  "Set REDDIT_CLIENT_ID and REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET as environment variables",
   "Restart LibreFang or reload config for the change to take effect",
 ]
 
@@ -70,42 +70,6 @@ steps = [
   "Restart LibreFang or reload config for the change to take effect",
 ]
 
-[[requires]]
-key = "REDDIT_USERNAME"
-label = "Reddit Username"
-requirement_type = "api_key"
-check_value = "REDDIT_USERNAME"
-description = "Reddit account username. Required for OAuth2 password-grant authentication to post and comment."
-
-[requires.install]
-signup_url = "https://www.reddit.com/register"
-docs_url = "https://www.reddit.com/dev/api/"
-env_example = "REDDIT_USERNAME=your_reddit_username"
-estimated_time = "1-2 min"
-steps = [
-  "Use the Reddit account username you want the hand to act as",
-  "Set REDDIT_USERNAME as an environment variable",
-  "Restart LibreFang or reload config for the change to take effect",
-]
-
-[[requires]]
-key = "REDDIT_PASSWORD"
-label = "Reddit Password"
-requirement_type = "api_key"
-check_value = "REDDIT_PASSWORD"
-description = "Reddit account password. Required for OAuth2 password-grant authentication to post and comment."
-
-[requires.install]
-signup_url = "https://www.reddit.com/register"
-docs_url = "https://www.reddit.com/dev/api/"
-env_example = "REDDIT_PASSWORD=your_reddit_password"
-estimated_time = "1-2 min"
-steps = [
-  "Use the password for the Reddit account configured in REDDIT_USERNAME",
-  "Set REDDIT_PASSWORD as an environment variable",
-  "Restart LibreFang or reload config for the change to take effect",
-]
-
 # ─── Configurable settings ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 [[settings]]
@@ -260,19 +224,20 @@ Detect the operating system:
 python -c "import platform; print(platform.system())"
 ```
 
-Authenticate with Reddit API using OAuth2:
+Authenticate with Reddit API using OAuth2 client_credentials (app-only auth):
 ```
 curl -s -X POST "https://www.reddit.com/api/v1/access_token" \
   -u "$REDDIT_CLIENT_ID:$REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET" \
-  -d "grant_type=password&username=$REDDIT_USERNAME&password=$REDDIT_PASSWORD" \
+  -d "grant_type=client_credentials" \
   -A "LibreFang Reddit Hand/1.0" \
   -o reddit_auth.json
 ```
 Extract the access_token from the response for subsequent API calls.
+Note: This is app-only authentication — most read endpoints work, but posting and commenting require the app's identity. No user-level context is available.
 
 Recover state:
 1. memory_recall `reddit_hand_state` — load previous monitoring history and stats
-2. Read **User Configuration** for subreddits, monitor_mode, content_style, approval_mode, etc.
+2. Read **Hand Settings** for subreddits, monitor_mode, content_style, approval_mode, etc.
 3. file_read `reddit_queue.json` if it exists — pending posts/replies
 4. knowledge_query for previously tracked threads and engagement data
 
diff --git a/hands/reddit/SKILL.md b/hands/reddit/SKILL.md
index fa3f7c1..6a6130e 100644
--- a/hands/reddit/SKILL.md
+++ b/hands/reddit/SKILL.md
@@ -13,15 +13,17 @@ runtime: prompt_only
 
 Reddit API requires OAuth2 authentication for all endpoints.
 
-**Step 1: Get access token**:
+**Step 1: Get access token (app-only / client_credentials)**:
 ```bash
 curl -s -X POST "https://www.reddit.com/api/v1/access_token" \
   -u "$REDDIT_CLIENT_ID:$REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET" \
-  -d "grant_type=password&username=$REDDIT_USERNAME&password=$REDDIT_PASSWORD" \
+  -d "grant_type=client_credentials" \
   -A "LibreFang Reddit Hand/1.0"
 ```
 Response: `{"access_token": "...", "token_type": "bearer", "expires_in": 86400, "scope": "*"}`
 
+> **Note:** `client_credentials` provides app-only access. Most read endpoints (listing posts, fetching comments, searching) work normally. Posting and commenting use the app's identity. For full user-level actions (e.g., voting, managing subscriptions), the more complex OAuth2 authorization code flow is required.
+
 **All subsequent requests** must include:
 ```
 Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" \
 | Type | Limit | Window |
 |------|-------|--------|
 | OAuth authenticated | 10 requests | 1 minute |
-| With user-level auth | 30 requests | 1 minute |
+| With app-only auth | 30 requests | 1 minute |
 | Posting | ~1 post | 10 minutes (varies by karma) |
 | Commenting | ~1 comment | varies by karma |
 
diff --git a/hands/twitter/HAND.toml b/hands/twitter/HAND.toml
index 2fc4454..865a805 100644
--- a/hands/twitter/HAND.toml
+++ b/hands/twitter/HAND.toml
@@ -59,6 +59,84 @@ steps = [
   "Restart LibreFang or reload config for the change to take effect",
 ]
 
+[[requires]]
+key = "TWITTER_API_KEY"
+label = "Twitter API Key (Consumer Key)"
+requirement_type = "api_key"
+check_value = "TWITTER_API_KEY"
+optional = true
+description = "OAuth 1.0a Consumer Key. Optional — only needed for user-context operations (liking, retweeting, following as a specific user)."
+
+[requires.install]
+signup_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/portal/dashboard"
+docs_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/oauth-1-0a"
+env_example = "TWITTER_API_KEY=your_api_key_here"
+estimated_time = "5-10 min"
+steps = [
+  "Go to developer.twitter.com and open your App settings",
+  "Navigate to 'Keys and tokens' page",
+  "Copy the 'API Key' (also called Consumer Key)",
+  "Set it as TWITTER_API_KEY environment variable",
+]
+
+[[requires]]
+key = "TWITTER_API_SECRET"
+label = "Twitter API Secret (Consumer Secret)"
+requirement_type = "api_key"
+check_value = "TWITTER_API_SECRET"
+optional = true
+description = "OAuth 1.0a Consumer Secret. Optional — only needed alongside TWITTER_API_KEY for user-context operations."
+
+[requires.install]
+signup_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/portal/dashboard"
+docs_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/oauth-1-0a"
+env_example = "TWITTER_API_SECRET=your_api_secret_here"
+estimated_time = "2-3 min"
+steps = [
+  "On the same 'Keys and tokens' page as the API Key",
+  "Copy the 'API Secret' (also called Consumer Secret)",
+  "Set it as TWITTER_API_SECRET environment variable",
+]
+
+[[requires]]
+key = "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN"
+label = "Twitter Access Token"
+requirement_type = "api_key"
+check_value = "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN"
+optional = true
+description = "OAuth 1.0a user Access Token. Optional — only needed for user-context operations."
+
+[requires.install]
+signup_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/portal/dashboard"
+docs_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/oauth-1-0a"
+env_example = "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN=your_access_token_here"
+estimated_time = "2-3 min"
+steps = [
+  "On the 'Keys and tokens' page, scroll to 'Authentication Tokens'",
+  "Generate an Access Token and Secret",
+  "Copy the Access Token",
+  "Set it as TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN environment variable",
+]
+
+[[requires]]
+key = "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET"
+label = "Twitter Access Token Secret"
+requirement_type = "api_key"
+check_value = "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET"
+optional = true
+description = "OAuth 1.0a user Access Token Secret. Optional — only needed alongside TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN for user-context operations."
+
+[requires.install]
+signup_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/portal/dashboard"
+docs_url = "https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/oauth-1-0a"
+env_example = "TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET=your_access_token_secret_here"
+estimated_time = "2-3 min"
+steps = [
+  "Generated alongside the Access Token above",
+  "Copy the Access Token Secret",
+  "Set it as TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET environment variable",
+]
+
 # ─── Configurable settings ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 [[settings]]
diff --git a/hands/twitter/SKILL.md b/hands/twitter/SKILL.md
index a4b2a47..b949f79 100644
--- a/hands/twitter/SKILL.md
+++ b/hands/twitter/SKILL.md
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ Authorization: Bearer $TWITTER_BEARER_TOKEN
 
 **Environment variable**: `TWITTER_BEARER_TOKEN`
 
+**Authentication modes**:
+- **Bearer Token only** (default): Sufficient for posting tweets, reading timelines, and searching. All core functionality works with just the Bearer Token.
+- **Bearer Token + OAuth 1.0a** (optional): Required for user-context operations such as liking tweets, retweeting, following/unfollowing, and accessing DMs. Set `TWITTER_API_KEY`, `TWITTER_API_SECRET`, `TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN`, and `TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET` to enable these features.
+
+> **Note**: The Like endpoint (`POST /2/users/:id/likes`) and Retweet endpoint (`POST /2/users/:id/retweets`) require OAuth 1.0a User Context authentication. If only Bearer Token is configured, these operations will be skipped with a warning.
+
 ### Core Endpoints
 
 **Get authenticated user info**: